衷心感谢这位同学!1.Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit,bot

衷心感谢这位同学!
1.
Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit,botanically called a caryopsis but popularly referred to as a grain,a kernel,or a seed.The seed is a single fruit consisting of two major components,the endosperm and the embryo or germ.The endosperm is stored food and comprises the bulk of the seed.It may be used for human food purposes or by the embryo as an energy source for germination.It is not surprising,then,that cereal crops are of universal importance in meeting human’ food needs.
Endosperm development is initiated by the fusion of the sperm nuclei in the pollen with two polar nuclei in the ovary.Essentially,double fertilization is required for cereal seed development.
The endosperm is encased by an outer wall called the pericarp that develops from the ovary wall.Under the pericarp is a semipermeable layer called the testa that surrounds the embryo and is derived from the inner ovary wall.The testa is permeable to water but not to dissolved salts and is important for germination.
All cereal crops are monocotyledonous plants having one cotyledon in the seed in contrast to dicotyledonous plants,such as soybean,flax,buckwheat,peanut,or bean,which have two cotyledons.The cereal cotyledon is sometimes called a seed leaf and botanically is a scutellum rather than a cotyledon.
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High yields are obtained when crop producers match good management with genetically superior cultivars.However,the best cultural practices cannot overcome genetic deficiencies; the best genotype cannot overcome cultural deficiencies.The science of genetics therefore,is not reserved for specialists in the field of plant breeding,cytology,physiology,and biochemistry but is necessary to growers for the understanding of many aspects associated with cereal crops.
Seed growers who multiply the basic seed stocks developed by plant breeders need knowledge of genetics and heredity to assure that agricultural,legal,and certification standards of the country are met.An understanding of how off-types or rogues emerge is essential.Hybrid-seed producers must understand how genetic traits are transmitted and all aspects of hybrid-seed production.Hybrid-seed growers must appreciate the implications of producing second-generation seed.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884),an Austrian monk,is known as the father of genetics.Mendel experimented with hereditary traits in the common garden pea.Although he published his results in 1865 (Mendel,1930),His work was overshadowed by the fiercely debated question of evolution.It was not until the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws in 1900 that genetics attracted attention that led to the development of hybrid corn in 1917.
这个是感谢之前一位同学帮我翻译特意开的 请大家不要浪费时间。

1.
Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit,botanically called a caryopsis but popularly referred to as a grain,a kernel,or a seed.The seed is a single fruit consisting of two major components,the endosperm and the embryo or germ.The endosperm is stored food and comprises the bulk of the seed.It may be used for human food purposes or by the embryo as an energy source for germination.It is not surprising,then,that cereal crops are of universal importance in meeting human’ food needs.
1.种植谷类作物是为了获取它那可食用的果实,植物学术语是颖果,但通俗的称谓是谷粒、核仁或.籽粒.籽粒是由胚乳和胚胎或胚芽这两个主要部分组成的单果.籽粒的大部分属于胚乳用于储藏养分；它可作为人类的食物或者被胚胎用作发芽的能源.所以谷类作物普遍成为满足人类食物需求的重要来源就不足为怪了.
Endosperm development is initiated by the fusion of the sperm nuclei in the pollen with two polar nuclei in the ovary.Essentially,double fertilization is required for cereal seed development.
花粉的精核与卵巢中的两个极核融合而启动胚乳的成长.谷类种子的生长基本需要双重受精.
The endosperm is encased by an outer wall called the pericarp that develops from the ovary wall.Under the pericarp is a semipermeable layer called the testa that surrounds the embryo and is derived from the inner ovary wall.The testa is permeable to water but not to dissolved salts and is important for germination.
All cereal crops are monocotyledonous plants having one cotyledon in the seed in contrast to dicotyledonous plants,such as soybean,flax,buckwheat,peanut,or bean,which have two cotyledons.The cereal cotyledon is sometimes called a seed leaf and botanically is a scutellum rather than a cotyledon.
胚乳被一层称作果皮的外墙包裹着,这是由卵巢壁生长出来的.在果皮底下是源自卵巢内壁的一层围绕着胚胎的半渗透性种皮.种皮能让水渗透但阻挡溶解盐,它对发芽很重要.
所有的谷类作物都是属于含有一个子叶的单子叶植物,它们与类似大豆、亚麻、荞麦、花生或豆类的这些含有两个子叶的双子叶植物截然不同.谷类子叶有时被称为种子叶,植物学的术语称之为盾片而不是子叶.
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High yields are obtained when crop producers match good management with genetically superior cultivars.However,the best cultural practices cannot overcome genetic deficiencies; the best genotype cannot overcome cultural deficiencies.The science of genetics therefore,is not reserved for specialists in the field of plant breeding,cytology,physiology,and biochemistry but is necessary to growers for the understanding of many aspects associated with cereal crops.
2.通过以基因优异的品种配合良好的管理,作物生产者可以收获高产量.然而,最佳的种植技术无法克服基因缺陷,而最好的基因品种也不能弥补种植技术的缺点.所以遗传科学不只是专为植物育种、细胞学、生理学及生物化学等领域的专家而设的,也是种植者必须掌握以便了解与谷类作物相关的许多方面.
Seed growers who multiply the basic seed stocks developed by plant breeders need knowledge of genetics and heredity to assure that agricultural,legal,and certification standards of the country are met.An understanding of how off-types or rogues emerge is essential.Hybrid-seed producers must understand how genetic traits are transmitted and all aspects of hybrid-seed production.Hybrid-seed growers must appreciate the implications of producing second-generation seed.
种子种植者需要掌握基因与遗传学方面的知识才可繁衍植物育种家开发的基本良种,以便确保能符合国家指定的农业、法律及认证的标准；而且有必要了解非典型或劣种是如何产生的.
杂交种子生产者必须明白基因特质是如何相传的,以及杂交种子生产的方方面面.杂交种子的种植者必须领会生产第二代种子的含意.（注：因为Mendel将第二代称为杂交代）.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884),an Austrian monk,is known as the father of genetics.Mendel experimented with hereditary traits in the common garden pea.Although he published his results in 1865 (Mendel,1930),His work was overshadowed by the fiercely debated question of evolution.It was not until the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws in 1900 that genetics attracted attention that led to the development of hybrid corn in 1917.
奥地利修道士Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) 被认为是基因学之父.他针对普通豌豆的遗传特征进行试验；尽管他于1865年发表了他的研究成果（Mendel,1930）,但却被笼罩在当时正在热烈争论的进化论课题的阴影下.直至1900年,人们重新发现孟德尔氏定律,基因学才引起关注而导致1917年产生的杂交玉米.
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