富兰克林·罗斯福政策英语概括

富兰克林·罗斯福政策英语概括

Franklin D.Roosevelt commonly known by his ltltinitials FDR,was an American statesman and
political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United
States.[2] A
Democrat,he was elected four times and served from March 1933 to his death in
April 1945.He was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century,
leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and
total war.A dominant leader of the Democratic Party,
he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American
politics after 1932,as his New
Deal domestic policies defined American liberalism for
the middle third of the 20th century.
Roosevelt was born in
Hyde Park,New
York in 1882 to a
prominent New York family.He attended Groton School and Harvard College,graduating in 1903.In 1905,
he married Eleanor
Roosevelt,with whom
he had six children.He entered politics in 1910,serving in the New York State
Senate,and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy
under President Woodrow
Wilson.In 1920,he was the Democratic nominee for Vice-President of the United
States,but was defeated by Calvin Coolidge.Roosevelt was stricken with polio
in 1921,which cost him the use of his legs and put his political career on hold
for several years.After returning to political life by placing Alfred E.
Smith鈥檚 name into nomination at the 1924 Democratic National
Convention,Roosevelt
was asked by Smith to run for Governor of New York in the 1928 election.Roosevelt served as a reform
governor from 1929 to 1932,and promoted the enactment of programs to combat the
Great Depression that
occurred during his governorship.
Roosevelt defeated
incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932,at the
depth of the Great Depression.Energized by his personal victory over polio,FDR used his
persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit.[3]
Assisted by key aide Harry
Hopkins,he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
and Soviet leader Joseph
Stalin in leading the Allies against Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan in World War II.
In his first
hundred days in office,which began March 4,1933,Roosevelt spearheaded major
legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New
Deal鈥攁 variety of programs designed to produce relief (government jobs for the
unemployed),recovery (economic growth),and reform (through regulation of Wall
Street,banks and transportation).The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to
1937,but then relapsed into a deep recession.The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in
1937 prevented his packing the Supreme
Court.For the rest of his days in office,it blocked all proposals for
major liberal legislation (apart from a minimum wage law).It abolished many of
the relief programs when unemployment practically vanished during the war.Most
of the regulations on business continued in effect until they ended about
1975鈥?985,except for the regulation of Wall Street by the Securities and Exchange
Commission,which still exists.Along with several smaller programs,major
surviving programs include the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation,which was created in 1933,and Social Security,which Congress
passed in 1935.
As World War II loomed after 1938,with the Japanese invasion of China and
the aggression of Nazi Germany,Roosevelt gave strong
diplomatic and financial support to China and Great Britain,while remaining
officially neutral.His goal was to make America the "Arsenal of
Democracy," which would supply munitions to the Allies.In March 1941,Roosevelt,with
Congressional approval,provided Lend-Lease aid to the countries fighting against
Nazi Germany with the United Kingdom.With very strong national
support,he made war on Japan and Germany after the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941,calling it a "date which will live in infamy".He supervised
the mobilization of the U.S.economy to support the Allied war effort.As an
active military leader,Roosevelt implemented an
overall war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers
and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb (commonly called
the atom bomb at the time).In 1942 Roosevelt ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American
civilians.
During the war,unemployment dropped to 2%,relief programs largely ended,
and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people
moved to new jobs in war centers,and 16 million men and 300,000 women were
drafted or volunteered for military service.All economic sectors grew during
the war.Farm output went from an index (by volume) of 106 in 1939 to 128 in
1943.Coal output went from 446 million tons in 1939 to 651 in 1943; oil from
1.3 billion barrels to 1.5 billion.Manufacturing output doubled,from an index
of 109 in 1939 to 239 in 1943.Railroads strained to move it all to market,from
an output of 13.6 billion loaded car miles in 1939 to 23.3 in 1943.[4] However,Roosevelt's health seriously
declined during the war years,and he ultimately died three months into his
fourth term while vacationing at the polio treatment center he established at Warm Springs,
Georgia.
Roosevelt dominated
the American political scene during the twelve years of his presidency,and his
policies and ideas continued to have significant influence for decades
afterward.He orchestrated the realignment
of voters that created the Fifth Party System.Roosevelt's New Deal
Coalition united labor unions,big city machines,white ethnics,African
Americans,and rural white Southerners.His work also influenced the later
creation of the United
Nations and Bretton Woods.Roosevelt is consistently
rated by scholars as one of the top three
U.S.Presidents,along with Abraham Lincoln and George
Washington.