英语翻译Notwithstanding definitional ambiguity,the leadership li

英语翻译
Notwithstanding definitional ambiguity,the leadership literature has examined leadership from multiple theoretical lenses,at varying levels and units of analysis,and with an array of dependent variables.While earlier approaches focused on the leader per se and examined leader traits (e.g.,[8]–[10]),later approaches examined behaviors of leaders (e.g.,[11]–[13]; see Fleishman et al.[14] for a review),characteristics and behaviors of followers (e.g.,[15]),situational contingencies (e.g.,[16] and [17]),as well as leadership processes (e.g.,[18] and [19]).
Leadership has been examined at the individual,dyadic,group,organizational,industry,and national levels of analysis and a number of different types of leadership have been suggested ranging from charismatic to transactional,transformational,and strategic.It is not the intent of this paper to review the many facets of the leadership stream of research.Rather,this brief discussion is intended to provide the backdrop against which IS Leadership will be discussed.While clearly leadership in IS shares many similarities with leadership in other functional areas,the nature of IS
also presents idiosyncratic challenges that require studies that examine IS Leadership in its own right.
II.WHAT MAKES IS LEADERSHIP DISTINCTIVE?
The idiosyncratic aspects of IS Leadership stem from the nature of ISs and the role of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) in the organization.Over the past two decades,business dependence on IS has grown both operationally,as well as strategically (e.g.,[4]).Information systems are ubiquitous and pervasive across all organizational functions.Digitally enabled business processes,the backbone of commerce today,are critical for interactions with the full range of stakeholders.Information services are increasingly used to differentiate offerings (e.g.,OnStar by GM) and digital information is a growing consumer product (e.g.,iTunes and Google).As such,ISs are a critical resource for the day-to-day operations of the organization as a whole and for each individual functional area.As well,they can be an important catalyst for strategic differentiation and competitive advantage [20],[21],since ISs can be malleable in their configuration and use and as such they can create opportunities and options that can be used to leverage strategic advantage.

尽管定义含糊不清,领导文学研究的领导从多个理论的镜头,在不同层次和单位的分析,以及一系列的变量.虽然以前的做法侧重于领导者本身和审查领袖特质（例如,[ 8 ] -[ 1 0] ） ,后来检查行为的办法领导人（例如,[ 1 1] - [1 3 ];见福莱等.[ 1 4 ]审查） ,特点和行为的追随者（例如,[ 15 ] ） ,情势紧急情况（例如,[ 16 ]和[ 17 ] ） ,以及领导的进程（例如,[ 18 ]和[ 19 ] ） .
领导审查已在个人,二进,团体,组织,产业和国家层次的分析和若干不同类型的领导提出了从对交易的魅力,转型和战略.这不是故意本文审查的许多方面的领导流的研究.相反,这简短的讨论的目的是提供在这种背景下,是领导将discussed.While明确领导在IS有着许多相同之处与领导,其他职能领域的性质,是
还提出独特的挑战,需要研究,研究是领导在自己的权利.
二.是什么使独特的领导?
在特殊方面是领导干从国际空间站的性质和作用的首席信息官（ CIO的）在该组织.在过去二十年中,企业依赖的是增加两个业务,以及在战略上（例如,[ 4 ] ） .信息系统是无所不在,无处不在所有组织的职能.数字化使业务流程的骨干商业今天,是至关重要的相互作用的全部利益相关者.信息服务正在越来越多地用于区分产品（如,OnStar的由GM ）和数字信息是一个日益增长的消费产品（如iTunes和谷歌） .因此,国际空间站是一个关键的资源日常业务的组织作为一个整体,每个功能区.同时,他们可以成为一个重要的催化剂战略意义的差别化和竞争优势[ 20 ] ,[ 21 ] ,因为国际空间站可以在其可塑性配置和使用,因此,他们可以创造机会和选择,可以用来利用战略优势.