非谓语动词的ing 过去分词 不定式有区别.每种式的各种时态又有何区别

非谓语动词的ing 过去分词 不定式有区别.每种式的各种时态又有何区别
记每种语态做何成分有用吗,做不同成分又有何区别?
答得好得追加

时态
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后.
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你.
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生.
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
[编辑本段][疑问词＋不定式结构]
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等.如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语）
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语）
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语）
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语）
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如：①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等.
[编辑本段][动词不定式的语法功能]
一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首.如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ,如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
(3)举例
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴.
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的.
2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好.
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他.
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了.
注意：1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式.
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见.
(错)It is to believe to see.
二、作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake.
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车.
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案.
2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁.
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁.
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话.
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话.
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做.
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数.
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施.